详情
本书深入系统地阐述了TCP/IP路由技术，内容包括几种重要的网络协议，如外部网关协议(EGP)、边界网关协议(BGP4)，以及相应的高级IP路由技术与应用
Table of Contents
Part I Exterior Gateway Protocols 3
Chapter 1 Exterior Gateway Protocol 5
The Origins of EGP 5
Operation of EGP 7
EGP Topology Issues 7
EGP Functions 9
EGP Message Formats 18
Shortcomings of EGP 26
Configuring EGP 26
Case Study: An EGP Stub Gateway 27
Case Study: An EGP Core Gateway 31
Case Study: Indirect Neighbors 35
Case Study: Default Routes 38
Troubleshooting EGP 39
Interpreting the Neighbor Table 39
Case Study: Converging at the Speed of Syrup 41
End Notes 43
Looking Ahead 43
Review Questions 44
Configuration Exercises 45
Troubleshooting Exercise 51
Chapter 2 Introduction to Border Gateway Protocol 4 55
Classless Interdomain Routing 55
A Summarization Summary 56
Classless Routing 57
Summarization: The Good, the Bad, and the Asymmetric 61
The Internet: Still Hierarchical After All These Years 64
CIDR: Reducing Routing Table Explosion 69
CIDR: Reducing Class B Address Space Depletion 71
Difficulties with CIDR 72
Who Needs BGP? 76
A Single-Homed Autonomous System 78
Multihoming to a Single Autonomous System 80
Multihoming to Multiple Autonomous Systems 84
A Note on “Load Balancing” 88
BGP Hazards 88
BGP Basics 90
BGP Message Types 93
The BGP Finite State Machine 95
Path Attributes 98
Administrative Weight 111
AS_SET 112
The BGP Decision Process 114
Route Dampening 116
IBGP and IGP Synchronization 118
Managing Large-Scale BGP Peering 124
Peer Groups 124
Communities 124
Route Reflectors 125
Confederations 131
BGP Message Formats 132
The Open Message 133
The Update Message 134
The Keepalive Message 137
The Notification Message 137
End Notes 138
Looking Ahead 139
Recommended Reading 139
Review Questions 139
Chapter 3 Configuring and Troubleshooting Border Gateway Protocol 4 149
Basic BGP Configuration 149
Case Study: Peering BGP Routers 149
Case Study: Injecting IGP Routes into BGP 155
Case Study: Injecting BGP Routes into an IGP 161
Case Study: IBGP without an IGP 167
Case Study: IBGP Over an IGP 174
Case Study: EBGP Multihop 182
Case Study: Aggregate Routes 185
Managing BGP Connections 204
Routing Policies 208
Resetting BGP Connections 209
Case Study: Filtering Routes by NLRI 211
Case Study: Filtering Routes by AS_PATH 219
Case Study: Filtering with Route Maps 224
Case Study: Administrative Weights 226
Case Study: Administrative Distances and Backdoor Routes 234
Case Study: Using the LOCAL_PREF Attribute 241
Case Study: Using the MULTI_EXIT_DISC Attribute 246
Case Study: Prepending the AS_PATH 252
Case Study: Route Tagging 256
Case Study: Route Dampening 261
Large-Scale BGP 265
Case Study: BGP Peer Groups 265
Case Study: BGP Communities 270
Case Study: Private AS Numbers 284
Case Study: BGP Confederations 287
Case Study: Route Reflectors 300
Looking Ahead 307
Recommended Reading 307
Command Summary 307
Configuration Exercises 312
Troubleshooting Exercises 318
Part II Advanced IP Routing Issues 331
Chapter 4 Network Address Translation 333
Operation of NAT 333
Basic NAT Concepts 333
NAT and IP Address Conservation 336
NAT and ISP Migration 338
NAT and Multihomed Autonomous Systems 340
Port Address Translation 342
NAT and TCP Load Distribution 343
NAT and Virtual Servers 344
NAT Issues 345
Header Checksums 346
Fragmentation 346
Encryption 346
Security 347
Protocol-Specific Issues 347
Configuring NAT 356
Case Study: Static NAT 356
Case Study: Dynamic NAT 364
Case Study: A Network Merger 369
Case Study: ISP Multihoming with NAT 374
Port Address Translation 379
Case Study: TCP Load Balancing 381
Case Study: Service Distribution 383
Troubleshooting NAT 386
End Note 387
Looking Ahead 388
Command Summary 388
Configuration Exercises 389
Troubleshooting Exercises 392
Chapter 5 Introduction to IP Multicast Routing 395
Requirements for IP Multicast 398
Multicast IP Addresses 399
Group Membership Concepts 404
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) 411
Cisco Group Membership Protocol (CGMP) 419
Multicast Routing Issues 427
Multicast Forwarding 428
Multicast Routing 429
Sparse Versus Dense Topologies 431
Implicit Joins Versus Explicit Joins 432
Source-Based Trees Versus Shared Trees 435
Multicast Scoping 437
Operation of the Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) 441
Neighbor Discovery and Maintenance 442
The DVMRP Routing Table 443
DVMRP Packet Forwarding 444
DVMRP Message Formats 445
Operation of Multicast OSPF (MOSPF) 453
MOSPF Basics 454
Inter-Area MOSPF 456
Inter-AS MOSPF 459
MOSPF Extension Formats 460
Operation of Core-Based Trees (CBT) 462
CBT Basics 463
Finding the Core 465
CBT Designated Routers 465
Member and Nonmember Sources 466
CBT Message Formats 468
Introduction to Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) 473
Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast, Dense Mode (PIM-DM) 475
PIM-DM Basics 475
Prune Overrides 481
Unicast Route Changes 484
PIM-DM-Designated Routers 484
PIM Forwarder Election 484
Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast, Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) 487
PIM-SM Basics 488
Finding the Rendezvous Point 489
PIM-SM and Shared Trees 492
Source Registration 496
PIM-SM and Shortest Path Trees 502
PIMv2 Message Formats 507
End Notes 517
Looking Ahead 518
Recommended Reading 518
Command Summary 519
Review Questions 520
Chapter 6 Configuring and Troubleshooting IP Multicast Routing 531
Configuring IP Multicast Routing 531
Case Study: Configuring Protocol-Independent Multicast, Dense Mode (PIM-DM) 533
Configuring Protocol-Independent Multicast, Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) 542
Case Study: Multicast Load Sharing 568
Troubleshooting IP Multicast Routing 576
Using mrinfo 577
Using mtrace and mstat 580
Looking Ahead 584
Configuration Exercises 585
Troubleshooting Exercises 587
Chapter 7 Large-Scale IP Multicast Routing 593
Multicast Scoping 593
Case Study: Multicasting Across Non-Multicast Domains 595
Connecting to DVMRP Networks 598
Inter-AS Multicasting 602
Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP (MBGP) 606
Operation of Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP) 607
MSDP Message Formats 609
Case Study: Configuring MBGP 614
Case Study: Configuring MSDP 619
Case Study: MSDP Mesh Groups 624
Case Study: Anycast RP 627
Case Study: MSDP Default Peers 633
Command Summary 636
End Notes 637
Looking Ahead 637
Review Questions 638
Chapter 8 IP Version 6 643
Design Goals of IPv6 643
Improve Scalability 644
Ease of Configuration 645
Security 645
Current State of IPv6 645
IPv6 Specification (RFCs) 646
Vendor Support 647
Implementations 647
IPv6 Packet Format 649
The IPv6 Address 649
Address Structure 654
IPv6 Header 667
IPv6 Functionality 672
Enabling IPv6 Capability on a Cisco Router 673
ICMPv6 674
Neighbor Discovery 675
Autoconfiguration 685
Routing 690
The Anycast Process 708
Multicast 708
Quality of Service 714
Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 715
Dual Stacks 715
DNS 716
IPv6 Tunneled in IPv4 717
Network Address Translation-Protocol Translation 720
End Notes 720
Looking Ahead 721
Recommended Reading 721
Review Questions 721
Chapter Bibliography 724
Chapter 9 Router Management 727
Policies and Procedure Definition 727
Service Level Agreements 728
Change Management 729
Escalation Procedures 730
Updating Policies 730
Simple Network Management Protocol 731
Overview of SNMP 731
CiscoWorks 733
Router Configuration for SNMP 733
RMON 740
Overview of RMON 740
Router Configuration for RMON 741
Logging 744
Syslog 748
Overview of Syslog 748
Router Configuration for Syslog 749
Network Time Protocol 750
Overview of NTP 751
Router Configuration for NTP 751
Accounting 756
IP Accounting 756
NetFlow 757
Configuration Management 765
Fault Management 766
Performance Management 768
Security Management 769
Password Types and Encryption 770
Controlling Interactive Access 770
Minimizing Risks of Denial-of-Service Attacks 771
TACACS+ 773
RADIUS 780
Secure Shell 780
Designing Servers to Support Management Processes 782
Network Robustness 782
HSRP 783
Lab 791
Recommended Reading 792
End Notes 792
Looking Ahead 793
Command Summary 793
Review Questions 798
Configuration Exercises 799
Bibliography 800
Part III Appendixes 803
Appendix A The show ip bgp neighbors Display 805
Appendix B A Regular-Expression Tutorial 815
Literals and Metacharacters 815
Delineation: Matching the Start and End of Lines 816
Bracketing: Matching a Set of Characters 816
Negating: Matching Everything Except a Set of Characters 817
Wildcard: Matching Any Single Character 817
Alternation: Matching One of a Set of Characters 817
Optional Characters: Matching a Character That May or May Not Be There 818
Repetition: Matching a Number of Repeating Characters 818
Boundaries: Delineating Literals 818
Putting It All Together: A Complex Example 819
Recommended Reading 819
Appendix C Reserved Multicast Addresses 821
Internet Multicast Addresses 821
References 830
People 830
Appendix D Answers to Review Questions 837
Answers to Chapter 1 Review Questions 837
Answers to Chapter 2 Review Questions 838
Answers to Chapter 5 Review Questions 845
Answers to Chapter 7 Review Questions 851
Answers to Chapter 8 Review Questions 852
Answers to Chapter 9 Review Questions 855
Appendix E Answers to Configuration Exercises 857
Answers to Chapter 1 Configuration Exercises 857
Answers to Chapter 3 Configuration Exercises 864
Answers to Chapter 4 Configuration Exercises 883
Answers to Chapter 6 Configuration Exercises 891
Answers to Chapter 9 Configuration Exercises 895
Appendix F Answers to Troubleshooting Exercises 899
Answer to Chapter 1 Troubleshooting Exercise 899
Answers to Chapter 3 Troubleshooting Exercises 900
Answers to Chapter 4 Troubleshooting Exercises 910
Answers to Chapter 6 Troubleshooting Exercises 912
Index 917
